This device generates a small electric signal to keep the gas valve open when the pilot is on.
Furnace thermal coupler.
Most gas furnaces use either a flame sensor or a thermocouple often referred to as a thermal coupler both are safety devices that sense the presence of a flame and control the flow of gas to the appliance accordingly.
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Every gas appliance with a standing pilot that cycles on and off needs a thermocouple.
Natural gas and propane burn cleaner than fuel oil and most gas furnaces present fewer operational difficulties than oil burners do.
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If it accumulates soot it can give off a faulty reading and shut off the furnace.
In fact the problems that affect gas furnaces typically involve the furnace s thermocouple the pilot light or some component of the electrical system.
You can test it with a multimeter.
If no flame is present the sensor stops or prevents the flow of gas from the gas valve thus preventing the dangerous situation of gas flowing into the appliance when there.